Flavored Water Beverage Mix
MUSCLE SHIELD
Fitness Fuel For the Athlete in You
Only 16 Calories*
Only 4 grams of Sugar*
24 Muscle Protecting Antioxidants*
Healthier Alternative to Sugar-Loaded Sports Drinks*
MUSCLE SHIELD™ OVERVIEW
Muscle Shield™ is a great tasting, water beverage mix that serves as fitness fuel for athletes. Muscle Shield
contains the most comprehensive, scientific blend of collegiate-compliant antioxidants ever combined to help reduce
oxidative stress and free-radical formation during exercise which research has shown to cause extensive muscle
damage. Muscle Shield's mulit-nutrient blend helps the hard-working athlete extend endurance, speed recovery and
enhance performance during exercise and competition. A single serving of Muscle Shield forges the athlete's body
with free-radical scavenging antioxidants plus, replenishes the body with vital fluids and electrolytes, as well as,
vitamins and minerals to optimize normal metabolic function, growth and recovery.
Each convenient, on-the-go stick of Muscle Shield contains:
- Twenty-four (24) different cell-protecting antioxidants
- Over 100% of the U.S. RDA of stress B Vitamins & Vitamin C plus, vitamin E & beta-carotene
- Citrate Minerals for superior absorption, together with energy metabolizers (chromium)
- Key isotonic electrolytes to help optimize hydration and prevent muscle cramps, strains and pulls
- Unique blend of digestive enzymes that break down carbohydrates and proteins in food for enhanced energy absorption and protein synthesis.
With Muscle Shield there are no pills to swallow. Simply empty contents of 1-packet of Muscle Shield into a standard-size water bottle, shake it up and drink---that's it! In addition, a single serving of Muscle Shield contains only 16-caloreis and 4-grams of sugar, making it a healthy, low-calorie choice to sugar-loaded sports drinks which can contain in the upwards of 100-calories and as much as 28-grams of sugar per 16-oz serving
So what are you waiting? Choose Muscle Shield and start feeling the difference it can make with your health, performance and recovery.
REDUCE OXIDATIVE STRESS.
Muscle Shield™ is scientifically formulated to combat the oxidative damage associated with free-radical formation that proliferate in the body during intense physical exercise which can affect an athlete's ability to perform optimally.
Most of the oxygen consumed to produce energy during exercise safely occurs in the mitochondria. However, a small
percentage of the oxygen molecules can leak out of the energy cycle and become unstable molecules known as
free-radicals. Free radicals are molecules in your body with an unpaired electron making them highly unstable.
Because electrons normally come in pairs, the free radicals collide with other molecules in an attempt to steal an
electron. When those unstable free-radicals “borrow” an electron from a normal cell in your body, the process is
called oxidation. It’s the same process as when rust forms on metal or why a cut apple turns brown. Free radicals
cause oxidation inside your body and once formed these highly reactive radicals can start a chain reaction, like
dominoes, damaging DNA, cell membranes and tissue. Additionally, research studies have shown that free-radical
generation hurts athletic performance in two key ways:
- Muscle fatigue, damage & soreness. Free-radicals are believed to contribute significantly to muscle damage, fatigue, exercise-induced muscle injury, inflammation and soreness in athletes. Minimizing muscle fatigue and proper recovery from prior intense physical activity are critical to achieve peak performance levels.
- A high rate of free-radical production interferes with the body’s ability to produce energy efficiently by damaging cell mitochondria, small membrane-enclosed regions that produce the chemicals cells use for energy thereby contributing to premature fatigue & lack of energy or endurance.
To prevent free-radical damage the body must have a defense system of antioxidants. Antioxidants are molecules that
scavenge and neutralize the chain reaction of free-radicals formation before they get a chance to harm you body.
They get their name from their ability to inhibit oxidation, hence the name anti-oxidant meaning no oxidation.
Under normal conditions, muscle fibers are equipped with endogenous antioxidant enzymes that serve as an efficient defense system to prevent the damaging effects of free-radicals. However, moderate to intense physical exercise uses 12-20 times more oxygen than a person at rest. Such metabolic processes can overwhelm the body's natural defenses and push uncontrolled oxidation into the stratosphere, proliferating free-radical metabolism and generating extensive tissue and cell damage.
With the sheer oxygen used during intense training that is essential to excel in sport, aspiring athletes need the antioxidant power of Muscle Shield to quench free-radical formation, directly combat free radicals and potentiate endogenous antioxidants to reduce oxidative stress and restore normal function to all bodily tissues for optimal health and performance.
Supportive Research
1. A, et al. (eds). Oxyradicals in Molecular Biology and Pathology. New York, NY: AR Liss, 1988.2. Bagchi D, et al. Free radicals and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract: Importance in human health and disease prevention. Toxicology, 2000;48:187-197.
3. Brooks G.A., Fahry TD. Exercise Physiology. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
4. Colgan M. Antioxidants. Vancouver, BC: Apple Publishing, 1998.
5. Kitani K, et al (eds). Pharmacological Intervention In The Aging Process. New your, NY: New York Academy of Sciences, 1996.
6. Packer L, et al (eds). Biochemical Aspects of Physical Exercise. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1985.
7. Quintanilha A, In Miguel J, et al. (eds). Handbook of Free Radicals and Antioxidants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1989.
The clinical studies and research cited is for information purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement of ONS Performance or its nutritional products.
BOOST ENDURANCE & DELAY FATIGUE.
Muscle Shield™ contains a superior blend of antioxidants that protect mitochondria in muscle cells from free-radical damage thus, increasing the organelles ability to acquire and utilize oxygen efficiently, produce ATP, sustain endurance and delay the onset of fatigue.
Oxygen is the fuel that gives energy to billions of cells whose principle business is to produce adenosine
triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the compound that, when broken down, produces the energy for the muscles and other organs
to function. When it comes to peak performance in sports, your cells ability to both acquire and utilize oxygen
efficiently is the single most important factor in ATP production, which can boost muscle function and efficiency.
Looking inside a single muscle cell where oxygen goes to work producing ATP, there tiny organelles called mitochondria.
This if the "power plant" of your muscle cells because that's where oxygen is used and that's where ATP is produced.
When the mitochondria membrane is fluid, energy production proceeds with high efficiency and your muscle cell's energy levels are high. However, when the mitochondrion loses fluidity, energy diminishes along with other functions of your body (i.e. immunity). This hardening of the mitochondria membrane is synonymous with loss in energy, degeneration and is directly linked to free-radical damage inside your muscle cells. When oxygen is obstructed or cannot get to the muscle cells as needed, free radicals develop, which in turn cause the membranes to become rigid or to become rancid and oxidize. This makes them even more rigid causing the flow of oxygen becomes even more difficult. It's a vicious cycle that can only be combated with free radical scavengers known as antioxidants.
Muscle Shield contains a superior blend of antioxidants that protect mitochondria membranes from free-radical \damage. Consuming a daily serving of Muscle Shield before and after exercise enables your body to acquire and utilize oxygen more efficiently. This benefits your performance by maximizing ATP production capabilities resulting in enhanced endurance while delaying the onset of fatigue.
SPEED RECOVERY FROM EXERCISE.
Muscle Shield™ is designed to ensure the athlete has an abundant antioxidant supply to neutralize free radical formation and accumulation during exercise to reduce the muscle damage and improve muscle recovery.
Recovery is the single most important factor in achieving your training and performance goals. This factor leads us to
one-question coaches and athletes in every sport ask. "How do I improve my performance capabilities?" The answer lies
in your ability to recover from intense training fully and quickly. With improved recover ability, you can train
harder more often. Period!
In order to improve performance, athletes train and condition the heart and body, developing it into a strong, healthy machine that works more effortlessly during both moments of relaxation and moments of peak physical exertion. By doing so, the athlete enables the body to maintain large reserves of power to handle whatever physical or emotional stress is imposed upon it. Ironically though, exercise is a highly oxidative process, which consequently produces free radicals from aerobic metabolism.
Free radicals are highly reactive molecules, which target your tissues' protein bonds, the DNA in your cells' nuclei and important fatty acids within your cells' membranes. Once initiated, a chain reaction begins that ultimately results in the total destruction of the cell, resulting in inflammation, muscle soreness and damage to muscle tissue. While your body's natural built-in repair mechanism of enzymatic free radical scavenging system is firing during exercise, research shows it simply isn't capable of handling the onslaught and cumulative effects of free radical damage during intense physical exercise that over time, diminishes the cell's ability to make tissue repairs. This results in poor muscle recovery and is suggested by many researchers as the major contributor of physical degeneration associated with aging. Athletes need additional antioxidant compounds to help alleviate this process.
The function that antioxidants play in aiding your recovery from exercise is the inhibition of free radicals produced during exercise. Any time you workout, free radicals are produced in the body that damage muscle tissue. Muscle Shield ensures the athlete has an adequate supply of antioxidants to neutralize free radical formation during exercise. Consuming Muscle Shield 60-minutes prior to and immediately after exercise can greatly reduce the muscle damage caused by free radicals, hence, improving your muscular recovery from exercise.
Supportive Research
1. Kanter M. Free radicals, exercise and antioxidant supplementation. Proc Nutr Soc 1998;57:9–13 [review].2. Dekkers JC, Van Doornen LJ, Kemper HC. The role of antioxidant vitamins and enzymes in the prevention of exercise-induced muscle damage. Sports Med 1996;21(3):213–38 [review].
3. Jakeman P, Maxwell S. Effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation on muscle function after eccentric exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 1993;67:426–30.
4. Kaminski M, Boal R. An effect of ascorbic acid on delayed-onset muscle soreness. Pain 1992;50:317–21.
5. Thompson D, Williams C, McGregor SJ, et al. Prolonged vitamin C supplementation and recovery from demanding exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2001;11:466–81. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003;89:393–400.
6. Itoh H, Ohkuwa T, Yamazaki Y, et al. Vitamin E supplementation attenuates leakage of enzymes following 6 successive days of running training. Int J Sports Med 2000;21:369–74.
7. McBride JM, Kraemer WJ, Triplett-McBride T, Sebastianelli W. Effect of resistance exercise on free radical production. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998;30:67–72.))
8. Evans WJ. Vitamin E, vitamin C, and exercise. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:647S–52S [review].
9. Singh A, Failla ML, Deuster PA. Exercise-induced changes in immune function: effects of zinc supplementation. J Appl Physiol 1994;76:2298–303.
10. Simon-Schnass I, Pabst H. Influence of vitamin E on physical performance. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1988;58:49–54.))
11. Shepard RJ. Vitamin E and athletic performance. J Sports Med 1983;23:461–70 [review].
The clinical studies and research cited is for information purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement of ONS Performance or its nutritional products.
BROAD ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE.
Muscle Shield™ contains the largest synergistic blend of collegiate-compliant antioxidants ever combined to fight the varied spectrum of free-radicals that are generated through a variety of varied sources including exercise.
The next time you hear the 'health media' or a nutritional company touting a single, all-in-one antioxidant as the
only one you need, don't believe them! You need a complex variety of antioxidants to counteract the various
formations of free-radicals. In fact, there are seven known species of free radicals that are present in the body:
- Species of Free Radicals
- Superoxide Anion Radical
- Hydrogen Peroxide
- Hydroxyl Radical
- Singlet Oxygen
- Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Radical
- Organic/Fatty Acid Hydroperoxides Oxidized Protein
These free radicals come from "normal" body metabolism, exercise, stress, sunlight, air and water pollution and a variety of other sources. Even food preparation causes free radical formation (i.e., pesticides, additives, preservatives, etc.) Once formed, these free radicals attack everything---proteins, lipids, hormones, cells, tissues and DNA, resulting in loss of energy, disease, pain, aging, and eventually death. More specifically, when athletes perform intense physical exercise in their quest for optimal health and performance, the very act of metabolism and cellular respiration causes free radicals to be created. Consequently, athletes need a wide range of specific antioxidants to defeat them.
Antioxidants prevent free radicals from doing their damage in several ways:
- Prevent free radicals from forming
- Protect cells from free radical damage
- Bind to free radicals and inactivate or kill them
- Enhance your body's own antioxidant defense system
Therefore, it is critical to understand that different antioxidants work in different ways and have their own unique abilities to protect us. For instance, some antioxidants like coenzyme Q10 are wide-ranging and attack numerous free-radicals, but with only moderate effect. Other antioxidants, such as Vitamin C, attach a few free radicals very strongly but don't even notice others.
Muscle Shield contains an interactive blend of twenty-four (24) different antioxidants and supportive nutrients. Such a wide ranging blend of antioxidants help to minimize and prevent free-radical damage that develop as a result of daily exposure to toxins while minimizing and preventing the damage associated with intense physical exercise.
Supportive Research
1. Acworth, I.N., and B. Bailey. Reactive Oxygen Species. In: The handbook of oxidative metabolism. Massachusetts: ESA Inc., 1997, p. 1-1 to 4-4.2. Alessio, H.M., and E.R. Blasi. Physical activity as a natural antioxidant booster and its effect on a healthy lifestyle. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport. 68 (4): 292-302, 1997.
3. Clarkson P. M. Antioxidants and physical performance. Crit.Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 35: 131-141, 1995.
4. Dekkers, J. C., L. J. P. van Doornen, and Han C. G. Kemper. The Role of Antioxidant Vitamins and Enzymes in the Prevention of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage. Sports Med 21: 213-238, 1996.
5. Del Mastero, R.F. An approach to free radicals in medicine an biology. Acta. Phyiol. Scand. 492: 153-168, 1980.
6. Dillard, C.J., R.E. Litov, W.M. Savin, E.E. Dumelin, and A.L. Tappel. Effects of exercise, vitamin E, and ozone on pulmonary function and lipid peroxidation. J. Appl. Physiol. 45: 927, 1978.
7. Goldfarb, A. H. Nutritional antioxidants as therapeutic and preventive modalities in exercise-induced muscle damage. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 24: 249-266, 1999.
8. Halliwell, B., and S. Chirico. Lipid peroxidation: Its mechanism, measurement, and signficance. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 57: 715S-725S, 1993.
9. Halliwell, B., and J.M.C. Gutteridge. The chemistry of oxygen radicals and other oxygen-derived species. In: Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985, p. 20-64.
10. Kaczmarski, M., J. Wojicicki, L. Samochowiee, T. Dutkiewicz, and Z. Sych. The influence of exogenous antioxidants and physical exercise on some parameters associated with production and removal of free radicals. Pharmazie 54: 303-306, 1999.
11. Kanter, M.M., G.R. Lesmes, L.A. Kaminsky, J. LaHam-Saeger, and N.D. Nequin. Serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase changes following an eighty-kilometer race. Eur. J. Appl. Phsyiol. 57: 60-65, 1988.
12. Karlsson J. Exercise, muscle metabolism and the antioxidant defense. World Rev Nutr Diet. 82:81-100, 1997.
13. Karlsson, J. Introduction to Nutraology and Radical Formation. In: Antioxidants and Exercise. Illinois: Human Kinetics Press, 1997, p. 1-143.
14. Sjodin, T., Y.H. Westing, and F.S. Apple. Biochemical mechanisms for oxygen free radical formation during exercise. Sports Med. 10: 236-254, 1990.
15. Wong, S.H.Y., J.A. Knight, S.M. Hopfer, O. Zaharia, C.N. Leach, and F.W. Sunderman. Lipoperoxides in plasma as measured by liquid-chromatographic seperation of malondialdehyde-thiobarbituric acid adduct. Clin. Chem. 33(2): 214-220, 1987.
The clinical studies and research cited is for information purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement of ONS Performance or its nutritional products.
OPTIMIZE NUTRIENT ABSORPTION.
OVERVIEW
Muscle Shield™ is enriched with an enzyme system of food optimizers that help maximize protein and carbohydrate utilization in foods you eat to enhance digestion and the potential for protein and glycogen synthesis.
While vitamins and minerals are needed to support good health and proper body functions, sufficient amounts of macro-nutrients like proteins, carbohydrates and fats are essential to whether or not you achieve your performance goals of building lean muscle, reducing body fat, increasing energy and endurance. Its well known that athletes require greater amounts of protein and carbohydrates than sedentary people. And while you may be eating enough nutrients, your body may not be utilizing them because of a lack of available digestive enzymes thus, effecting your health, performance and recovery from exercise.
Digestive enzymes are proteins specially tailored to break down foods into nutrients that your body can readily digest. However, many of the endogenous digestive enzymes in foods and the body are destroyed through food manufacturing processes. Furthermore, prescription medications (i.e., antibiotics) often destroy your body's own digestive capabilities (i.e., intestinal flora) which can further disrupt your ability to effectively assimilate and digest essential nutrients.
Muscle Shield's digestive enzyme formulation offers a specific combination of food optimizing enzymes for optimal breakdown of animal proteins, plant-based proteins, as well as, starchy carbohydrates (i.e., breads, pasta, grains, etc.). This helps to ensure all the potential nutrients in the foods you eat are effectively being digested and assimilated to working muscles to optimize health, performance and recovery.
AMYLASE
Muscle Shield™ is enriched with the digestive enzyme Amylase which can enhance the athletes health & performance by breaking down carbohydrates into smaller structures for greater muscle glycogen storage. The dietary availability of Amylase can result in more stable blood sugar levels (avoid energy crashes and over-eating), prevents muscle tissue breakdown for energy during exercise, better endurance and faster energy recovery.
Amylase is the digestive enzyme whose catalytic function is to breakdown sugar and starch. Carbohydrates in foods are an important and primary source of energy for the body. Starch refers to carbohydrates found in plants (grains). Vegetables and fruits are a source of starch and are broken down to sugar or glucose. Carbohydrates may be stored in the body as glycogen for future use. If carbohydrates are not properly broken down before they are absorbed, then adverse health & performance consequences may occur.
PROTEASE
Muscle Shield™ is enriched with the digestive enzyme protease that can enhance health and performance by helping break down proteins (free-form amino acids) found in food protein into smaller molecules for easier and efficient absorption. As a result, protease improve the utilization of protein from meals and increases the amount of amino acids delivered to muscle tissue to stimulate growth and recovery.
Proteins, which are among the most complex organic compounds found in nature, are made up of nitrogen containing compounds known as amino acids. If proteins are not properly broken down before they are absorbed, various health consequences may occur. Every animal, including humans, must have an adequate source of protein in order to grow and maintain tissues. Proteins, which yield amino acids, are the fundamental structural element of every cell in the body. Proteases itself is composed of a group of enzymes whose catalytic function is to hydrolyze (breakdown) proteins. They are also called proteolytic enzymes or proteinases. Proteolytic enzymes are very important in digestion as they breakdown the peptide bonds in the protein foods to liberate the amino acids needed by the body. Additionally, proteolytic enzymes have been used for a long time in various forms of therapy. Their use in medicine is notable based on several clinical studies indicating their benefits in oncology, inflammatory conditions, blood rheology control, and immune regulation.
SUPPORTS A HEALTHY DIET.
Muscle Shield™ hosts an interactive nutrient complex of vitamins and minerals that effectively targets optimal nutritional zones based on a number of scientific nutrient ranges specific to the athlete's nutritional health and performance needs.
Eating a diet that is conducive to performance and staying healthy throughout one's life begins with eating right. Many athletes make a conscious effort to do so but a rigorous daily training & academic schedule leave many with little or no time to get the essential nutrients they need through diet alone. Muscle Shield helps the time-starved athlete get the essentials nutrients they need to optimize health and performance while they juggle daily academic & life commitments.
Muscle Shield makes this possible by combining some of natures most powerful flavonoid antioxidants with highly bioavailable vitamins and minerals and food optimizing enzymes for superior function and absorption. Understand, isolated nutrients like vitamins and minerals are 1) foreign to the body 2) completely unnatural 3) are poorly absorbed and 4) can even deplete the body of other nutrients in an attempt to absorb.
Muscle Shield's interactive nutrient complex effectively targets optimal nutritional zones based on a number of scientific nutrient ranges specific to the athlete's nutritional health and performance needs. What is more, Muscle Shield comes in convenient, on-the-go, travel stick that mixes instantly in a standard size bottled water, making it easy to take and use despite a busy study or rigorous training schedule.
Supportive Research
1. Halvorsen BL, Holte K, Myhrstad MC, Barikmo I, Hvattum E, Remberg SF, Wold AB, Haffner K, Baugerod H, Andersen LF, Moskaug O, Jacobs DR Jr, Blomhoff R. A Systematic Screening of Total Antioxidants in Dietary Plants. Journal of Nutrition 132:461-471, 2002.2. Salvayre, A.N, Nicole Dousset, Gianna Ferretti, Tiziana Bacchetti, Giovanna Curatola and Robert Salvayre. 2006. Antioxidant and cytoprotective properties of high-density lipoproteins in vascular cells Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Vol. 41(7): 1031-1040.
3. Papas, A. 1999. Diet and Antioxidants Status: In Antioxidant Status, Diet, Nutrition and Health. ed. Andreas M. Papas. pp. 89-106. CRC Press, New York.
4. Wu, D. and Simin N. Meydini. 1999. Antioxidants and Immune Function: In Antioxidant Status, Diet, Nutrition and Health. ed. Andreas M. Papas. pp. 371 - 400. CRC Press, New York.
Promotes Hydration & Electrolyte Balance
Muscle Shield contains a variable blend of the body's major electrolyte groups to help optimize hydration levels while ensuring proper muscle function and performance.
The clinical studies and research cited is for information purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement of ONS Performance or its nutritional products.
PROMOTES HYDRATION & ELECTROLYTE SUPPORT
Muscle Shield contains a variable blend of the body's major electrolyte groups to help optimize hydration levels while ensuring proper muscle function and performance.
Electrolytes are minerals in your blood and other body fluids that carry an electric charge. It is important to keep a proper balance of electrolytes because they not only affect the amount of water in your body but, they are what your cells (especially nerve, heart, muscle) use to maintain voltages across their cell membranes and to carry electrical impulses (nerve impulses, muscle contractions). You lose electrolytes when you sweat during heavy exercise. For the hard working athlete, sweating and exercise are part of daily training regimen. As a result, electrolytes must be replaced daily in order to keep electrolyte concentrations and body fluids constant. If let unmanaged, optimal performance is compromised with an increased susceptibility to muscle cramps, strains and pulls.
While many sports drinks contain electrolytes they do so at the expense of high sugar concentrations that can account for nearly 100 percent of their total calories. Electrolytes—not sugar—support hydration at the cellular level. However with sports drinks, you will max out on sugar before you’re adequately hydrated. If you are trusting sugar-loaded sport drinks to off-set your electrolyte loss during exercise there is a good chance you’re not giving your body the nutritional building blocks it needs to operate at peak performance while optimizing stamina and recovery.
If you compared the grams of sugar (carbs) found in a typical 16-oz serving of several leading brands of sports drinks with the carb content found in your average individual packet of sugar, you would discover the following:
- Gatorade® contains 100 calories and 28 grams of carbs, which is equivalent to over 4 individual packets of sugar.
- Powerade® contains 34 grams of carbs, equivalent to nearly 6 individual packets of sugar.
- Endurox R-4 (Fruit Punch) contains 360 calories and 69 grams of carbs, equal to to nearly 12 individual packets of sugar.
- Incidentally, a 16 oz serving of Kool-Aid* provides roughly the same amount of calories and carbs per ounce as sports drinks (120 calories and 32 grams of carbs, roughly equivalent to 5 individual packets of sugar).
On the other hand, a single serving of Muscle Shield contains nearly 84-percent less calories (16-calories per serving) and around 14-percent less sugar (4-grams of sugar per serving) than many 16-oz, commercial sport beverages. It's no wonder more athletes and coaches are choosing Muscle Shield over those calorie-dense, sugary-sweet sports drinks to meet their hydration needs.
*Sample products compared were Gatorade Berry Citrus, Powerade Fruit Punch, and Kool-Aid Sugar-Sweetened Soft Drink, Grape Flavor.**Gatorade, Powerade, and Kool-Aid are registered trademarks. Comparison based on 16-oz. serving.
Supportive Research
1. Taylor PN, Wolinsky, I., Klimis DJ (1999). Water in Exercise and Sport in Macroelements, Water, and Electrolytes, JA Driskell and Wolinsky I, Eds.,CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL: chap.5.2. Christian JL and Greger JL (1994). In Nutrition for Living, 4th ed., Benjamin/Cummings, Redwood City, CA: chap.4.
3. National Research Council (1989). Water and Electrolytes, In Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10th ed., National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., chap. 11.
4. Meletis, CM (2002). Dehydration: An Imbalance of Water and Electrolytes. Ogden, UT: By license to Mineral Resources International.
5. Clark, N (1997). In Nancy Clark’s Sports Nutrition Guidebook, 2nd ed., Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL, chap. 9.
6. Hultman E, Harris RC, Spriet LL. (1994). Work and exercise, In Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 8th ed., Shilds ME, Olson JA, and Shike M., Eds., Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA: chap. 42.
7. Wilmore JH and Costill DL (1994). In Physiology of Sport and Exercise, Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL:chap. 15.
8. Seelig, MS(2001). Human Needs for Magnesium are Not Met by Most People. Ogden, UT: Mineral Resources International.
The clinical studies and research cited is for information purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement of ONS Performance or its nutritional products.
ENHANCE IMMUNE SYSTEM FUNCTION
Muscle Shield™ helps support immune function by hosting the body with a potent supply of available antioxidants to reduce & neutralize high levels of circulating free-radicals that can damage healthy cells ability to fight infectious disease.
To improve your body to the elite level, you must have many months of consistent training---day in & day out---uninterrupted by illness or injury. Your immune system provides a line of defense against invading bacteria, parasites, viruses, and tumor cells. This system depends on the actions of specialized cells and antibodies which function primarily to eliminate and neutralize foreign invaders that might cause illness. As a result, a growing number of researches on the role of antioxidants suggest that there is strong association between high intake of antioxidants and low incidence of diseases linked with free radicals.
While many sports drinks contain electrolytes they do so at the expense of high sugar concentrations that can account for nearly 100 percent of their total calories. Electrolytes—not sugar—support hydration at the cellular level. However with sports drinks, you will max out on sugar before you’re adequately hydrated. If you are trusting sugar-loaded sport drinks to off-set your electrolyte loss during exercise there is a good chance you’re not giving your body the nutritional building blocks it needs to operate at peak performance while optimizing stamina and recovery.
Antioxidants are essential for proper function of the immune system and disease prevention. They are among a variety of defense mechanisms against free radicals generation. The harmful oxidative activities of free radicals are associated with damage to DNA, cell membranes and tissue. Additionally, free-radicals are now believed to be associated with most chronic disease processes, including heart disease, diabetes, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, and DNA damage leading to mutations and some types of cancer. The ability of antioxidants to neutralize and destroy free radicals protects the structural integrity of cells and tissues, which are essential for the defense against acute and chronic disease.
MUSCLE SHIELD™ SUGGESTED USE.
Directions: With Muscle Shield there are no pills to swallow. Take a sip from a 16.9 fl oz bottle of water if bottle is filled to the top. Empty contents of 1-packet of Muscle Shield mix into bottle. Cover; shake until mix is dissolved. Packet can be mixed into 20 fl oz bottle of water for a lighter taste.
Each convenient, on-the-go packet of Muscle Shield contains:
- Twenty-four (24) different cell-protecting antioxidants
- Over 100% of the U.S. RDA of stress B Vitamins & Vitamin C plus, Vitamin E & betacarotene
- Citrate Minerals for superior absorption, together with energy metabolizers (chromium)
- Key isotonic electrolytes to optimize hydration and help prevent muscle cramps, strains and pulls
- Unique blend of digestive enzymes that break down carbohydrates and proteins in food for enhanced energy absorption and protein synthesis.
MUSCLE SHIELD™ NUTRITIONAL FACTS
Muscle Shield™ is a much healthier alternative to sugar-loaded sports srinks. If you compared the grams of sugar (carbs) found in a typical 16-oz serving of several leading brands of sports drinks with the carb content found in your average individual packet of sugar, you would discover the following:
Each convenient, on-the-go packet of Muscle Shield contains:
- Gatorade® contains 100 calories and 28 grams of carbs, which is equivalent to over 4 individual packets of sugar.
- Powerade® contains 34 grams of carbs, equivalent to nearly 6 individual packets of sugar.
- Endurox R-4 (Fruit Punch) contains 360 calories and 69 grams of carbs, equal to to nearly 12 individual packets of sugar.
- Incidentally, a 16 oz serving of Kool-Aid* provides roughly the same amount of calories and carbs per ounce as sports drinks (120 calories and 32 grams of carbs, roughly equivalent to 5 individual packets of sugar).
On the other hand, a single serving of Muscle Shield contains nearly 84-percent less calories (16-calories per serving) and around 14-percent less sugar (4-grams of sugar per serving) than many 16-oz, commercial sport beverages. It's no wonder more athletes and coaches are choosing Muscle Shield over those calorie-dense, sugary-sweet sports drinks to meet their hydration needs.
*Sample products compared were Gatorade Berry Citrus, Powerade Fruit Punch, and Kool-Aid Sugar-Sweetened Soft Drink, Grape Flavor.**Gatorade, Powerade, and Kool-Aid are registered trademarks. Comparison based on 16-oz. serving.
VITAMIN A & BETA-CAROTENE
Beta-carotene is a member of a class of substances known as carotenoids. Carotenoids are the principal pigments responsible for the red, orange, yellow and green colors of vegetables and fruits. Similar to the other carotenoids, beta-carotene is a natural fat-soluble pigment found principally in plants. Beta-carotene is converted by the body into vitamin A and acts a powerful antioxidant and helps support the immune system. In recent years, carotenoids including beta-carotene have received a tremendous amount of attention as potential anti-cancer and anti-aging compounds as well.
Other members of the antioxidant carotenoid family include cryptoxanthin, alpha-carotene, zeaxanthin, lutein, and lycopene. However, unlike beta-carotene, most of these antioxidants are not converted to vitamin A in significant amounts. Individuals who do not consume plant products containing beta-carotene may be at risk of developing vitamin A deficiency.
Supportive Research
1. Olson JA. Recommended dietary intakes (RDI) of vitamin A in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1987;45:704–16.2. Heywood R, Palmer AK, Gregson RL, Hummler H. The toxicity of beta-carotene. Toxicology 1985;36:91–100.
3. Xu MJ, Plezia PM, Alberts DS, et al. Reduction in plasma or skin alpha-tocopherol concentration with long-term oral administration of beta-carotene in humans and mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992;84:1559–65.
The clinical studies and research cited is for information purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement of ONS Performance or its nutritional products.
VITAMIN C COMPLEX
Vitamin C is one of the most popular and well-known antioxidant vitamins worldwide. As an antioxidant, vitamin C protects LDL cholesterol from oxidative damage caused by free radicals. Vitamin C may also prevent heart disease by keeping blood platelets from clumping together and reducing the stiffness of arteries. It is believed that when LDL is damaged only then does cholesterol begin to build up in the body and lead to heart disease. Vitamin C may be one of the best sources for protection of LDL cholesterol.
In addition, Vitamin C plays an important role in the formation of connective tissues, including collagen---the glue that strengthens many parts of the body, including muscles, blood vessels and internal organs. When vitamin C is absent, collagen cannot be properly synthesized, resulting in irregular fibrous structures and blood-vessel fragility. This phenomenon explains many of the symptoms of scurvy, especially those relating to connective tissues. Studies have also indicated vitamin C's role in creasing muscular strength, reducing lactate blood levels and sparing glycogen.
In addition, other studies indicate that Vitamin C may also be helpful in cutting the risk of most cancers by inhibiting the production of cancer-causing nitrosamines, derived from nitrites found in variety of foods.
Supportive Research
1. Block, G., et al. "Fruit, vegetables and cancer prevention: A review of the epidemiological evidence." Nutr Cancer, 18: 1-15, 1992.2. Block, G. "Vitamin C and cancer prevention: The epidemiologic evidence, " Am J Clin Nutr, 53: 270S-81S, 1991.
3. Balz F. Antioxidant vitamins and heart disease. Presented at the 60th Annual Biology Colloquium, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, February 25, 1999.
4. Wilkinson IB, Megson I, MacCallum H, et al. Oral vitamin C reduces arterial stiffness and platelet aggregation in humans. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1999;34:690–3.
The clinical studies and research cited is for information purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement of ONS Performance or its nutritional products.
VITAMIN E (d-alpha-tocopheraol succinate)
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant vitamin that helps to neutralize potentially damaging free radicals in our body. It exists in eight different forms, d-alpha-tocopherol being the most active form and one of the most powerful biologically active antioxidants.
Much like vitamin C, vitamin E is a power antioxidant that protects human cells and LDL cholesterol from oxidation damage caused by free radicals. It is when LDL cholesterol is damaged that it appears to lead to coronary and heart disease. Furthermore as an antioxidant, vitamin E assists in protecting cells against the cancerous effects of chemical, pollutants, chemicals and the sun’s ultraviolet rays. Once more, like vitamin C, vitamin E can prevent the formation of harmful carcinogenic nitrosmines.
Research performed over the last decade has shown that in addition to its antioxidant function vitamin E is also involved in an number of other bodily functions include blood cell regulation, connective tissue growth, and genetic control of cell division.
Supportive Research
1. Robertson, J., et al. "A possible role for vitamins C and E in cataract prevention." Am J Clin Nutr, suppl 53: 346S-51S, 1991.2. GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto miocardico. Lancet 1999; 354:447–55.
3. Snodderly, D.M. "Evidence for protection against age-related macular degeneration by carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins." Am J Clin Nutr, 62: 148S-1461S, 1995.
4. Azzi A, Breyer I, Feher M, et al. Specific cellular responses to a-tocopherol. J Nutr 2000;130:1649–52.
5. Borek, C. Environ Health Perspectives, 1993, loc. cit.s
The clinical studies and research cited is for information purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement of ONS Performance or its nutritional products.
VITAMIN B COMPLEX
Muscle Shield's Vitamin B Complex is a sophisticated combination of essential B vitamins designed to increase energy production and support cardiovascular health. B vitamins are coenzymes that assist the process of energy production throughout the entire body, and help maintain healthy skin, hair, eyes, liver, mouth, muscle tone, and the gastrointestinal tract. Most importantly, B vitamins work together to promote healthy stress levels and the proper functioning of the nervous system.
Muscle Shield's B-Complex includes:
B1-Thiamin: Thiamin is a water-soluble vitamin that supports carbohydrate metabolism to help generate ATP. Thiamin also helps to maintain nervous system and heart health.
B2-Riboflavin: Riboflavin is a water-soluble vitamin that works as a coenzyme to support many metabolic processes such as red blood cell formation and nervous system function. Riboflavin is involved in energy production as a crucial component in converting food into energy. While vitamin B2 is not considered by many to be one of the more powerful antioxidants it works synergistically with vitamin B1, B3, and B6. For this reason vitamin B2 is often taken as part of a B-complex supplement and is included in Muscle Shield's antioxidant formula.
B3-Niacin: Vitamin B3 plays a key role in many areas of energy metabolism and nervous system function.
B5-Pantothenic Acid: Vitamin B5 is an active part of coenzyme A and carrier proteins that work to help oxidize fatty acids and carbohydrates for energy production, and the synthesis of fatty acids, ketones, phospholipids, and amino acids.
B6-Pyridoxine: Vitamin B6 is a cofactor in 70 different enzyme systems that help metabolize amino acid and proteins. Vitamin B6 also supports neurotransmitter production in the brain and nerve cells, and is frequently recommended to support mental sharpness and mood.
B12-Cyanocobalamin: B12 functions in a broad number of metabolic processes that help transfer methyl groups between amino acids. B12 works closely with folic acid to support DNA production, blood cells, and to help maintain the nervous system and heart health. B12 is also involved in metabolizing proteins, fats, and carbohydrates to help produce cellular energy.
Folic Acid: Folic Acid is another water soluble B vitamin. Folate compounds function metabolically as cofactors in DNA and RNA formation, protein synthesis and cell division. Folate also stimulates the formation of red blood cells and vitamin B12. In particular, folate affects tissues that grow rapidly, such as skin, lining of gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow where blood cells are formed, and regenerating muscle tissue.
Biotin
Biotin is another water-soluble vitamin of the B vitamin family. It is a sulfur containing vitamin with antioxidant properties that is involved in energy metabolism, urea formation, protein synthesis, glucose formation and fatty acid synthesis.
ZINC
In athletic circles, zinc has developed a reputation as one of the primary "healing" nutrients. It is a component part of over three hundred enzymes which are used to maintain healthy cell reproduction, adolescent growth, adult fertility, synthesize protein, enhance immunity and protect the body against harmful free radicals. Growing evidence suggests that oral zinc, especially in combination with antioxidants, can help slow the progression of macular degeneration.
Although the amount of zinc we need in our daily diet is tiny, it's very important that we get it. However, the evidence suggests that many of us do not get enough. Mild zinc deficiency seems to be fairly common, and for this reason Muscle Shield contains nutritional doses of zinc.
Supportive Research
1. Marshall S. Zinc gluconate and the common cold. Review of randomized controlled trials. Can Fam Physician. 1998;44:1037–1042.2. Prasad AS, Beck FW, Bao B, et al. Zinc supplementation decreases incidence of infections in the elderly: effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress. Am J Clin Nutr . 2007;85:837-44.
3. Sandstead HH. Zinc nutrition in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr. 1973;26:1251–1260.
4. Stang J, Story MT, Harnack L, et al. Relationships between vitamin and mineral supplement use, dietary intake, and dietary adequacy among adolescents. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100:905–910.
The clinical studies and research cited is for information purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement of ONS Performance or its nutritional products.
SELNIUM
Selenium's role in influencing antioxidant activity in the body is well known. Selenium is a vital component of an antioxidant enzyme called glutathione peroxidase, which is responsible for protecting the body from free radicals hydroperoxides. In this role as an antioxidant, selenium helps prevent damage to the body's tissues, cells and molecules, which can lead to reduced risk of degenerative diseases like coronary heart disease, arthritis and certain cancers. The few studies done on athletes taking selenium supplement report a reduction in lipid peroxidation, which translates into less tissue (muscle) damage.
Supportive Research
1. Combs GF Jr, Combs SB. The role of selenium in nutrition. Orlando (FL): Academic Press; 1986. p 98-107, 347-67.2. Wen ZM, et al. Effect of long-term selenium supplementation on the incidence of Keshan disease. In Combs GF Jr, et al, editors. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Selenium in Biology and Medicine. Westport (CT): Avi Publishing; 1986.
3. Ge KY, et al. The protective effect of selenium against viral myocarditis in mice. In Combs GF Jr, et al., editors. Selenium in biology and medicine. Part B. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold; 1987. p 761-8.
4. Williams DL, et al. Mice genetically resistant to Coxsackie virus-induced myocarditis become susceptible when fed a diet deficient in both selenium and vitamin E. FASEB J 1994;8:A435.
5. Yu SY, et al. A preliminary report on the intervention trials of primary liver cancer in high-risk populations with nutritional supplementation of selenium in China. Biol Trace Elements Res 1991;29:289-94.
6. Clark LC, et al. Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. JAMA 1996;276:1957-63.
7. Chen JS. Human selenosis in China. Workshop on strategies for the development of selenium compounds as cancer chemopreventative agents. Natl Cancer Inst 1985, Feb.
The clinical studies and research cited is for information purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement of ONS Performance or its nutritional products.
MANGENESE
Manganese is a trace mineral with several important functions. As part of the antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD), manganese is crucial in helping protect the body from free radical damage. Additionally, injury prevention and recovery can be benefited by manganese. The body uses manganese to help manufacture enzymes necessary for the growth, repair and development of cartilage tissue. finally, manganese is required for energy metabolism, thyroid function, blood sugar control, and normal skeletal growth.
Supportive Research
1. National Research Council. Recommended Dietary Allowances. 10th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989.2. Raloff J. Reasons for boning up on manganese. Science 1986
3. Krieger D, Jansen O, Krieger S, et al. Manganese and chronic hepatic encephalopathy. Lancet 1995;346:270–2.
4. 4. Rubenstein AH, Levin NW.Hypoglycaemia induced by manganese. Nature 1962;194:188.
The clinical studies and research cited is for information purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement of ONS Performance or its nutritional products.
CHROMIUM
Chromium's role as an insulin potentiator (cofactor for insulin functioning) has brought it much attention. Insulin helps regulates storage of glycogen (energy) in the liver and accelerates oxidation of sugar in cells. As a result, increasing dietary levels of chromium helps improve functioning of insulin, resulting in a higher rate of cellular uptake of glucose and amino acids into the cells. The cells then use these nutrients for energy and growth. Chromium also plays a role in metabolism of nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) and helps to maintain their structure and gene expression. Chromium aids in fatty acid and cholesterol formation in the liver and some studies have shown a lowering of cholesterol with chromium supplementation.
Recently it was discovered that chromium reduced the formation of damaging free radicals in the animals' tissues, indicating that chromium can act as an antioxidant. The findings, reported in Clinical Nephrology (vol. 47(5), pp. 325-330), confirm and expand on those of an earlier collaborative study between Georgetown University and ARS scientists. In these studies specifically, chromium reduced the formation of free radicals in the animals' livers, based on measurements of highly reactive free radicals.
Supportive Research
1. Chen G, Liu P, Pattar GR, et al. Chromium activates glucose transporter 4 trafficking and enhances insulin-stimulated glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via a cholesterol-dependent mechanism. Mol Endocrinol. 2006;20(4):857-870.2. Kobla HV, Volpe SL. Chromium, exercise, and body composition. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2000;40(4):291-308.
3. Lukaski HC. Chromium as a supplement. Annu Rev Nutr. 1999;19:279-302
4. Lukaski HC, Bolonchuk WW, Siders WA, Milne DB. Chromium supplementation and resistance training: effects on body composition, strength, and trace element status of men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;63(6):954-965.
5. Lukaski HC. Magnesium, zinc, and chromium nutriture and physical activity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(2 Suppl):585S-593S.
6. Stoecker BJ. Chromium. In: Shils M, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Nutrition in Health and Disease. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1999:277-282.
7. Pattar GR, Tackett L, Liu P, Elmendorf JS. Chromium picolinate positively influences the glucose transporter system via affecting cholesterol homeostasis in adipocytes cultured under hyperglycemic diabetic conditions. Mutat Res. 2006;610(1-2):93-100.
8. Wang H, Kruszewski A, Brautigan DL. Cellular chromium enhances activation of insulin receptor kinase. Biochemistry. 2005;44(22):8167-8175.
The clinical studies and research cited is for information purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement of ONS Performance or its nutritional products.
PABA (as para-aminobenzonic acid)
PABA is a naturally-occurring, water-soluble compound which is found in many foods as a cofactor of the vitamin B complex (associated with folate). Though PABA is not technically a vitamin despite demonstrating vitamin-like qualities, it does appear to have a number of interesting and potentially valuable uses. PABA is synthesized by intestinal bacteria and is stored in body tissues. It is believed that PABA also stimulates intestinal bacteria to help form folic acid, which then stimulates the production and utilization of vitamin B5. PABA is also referred to as the 'sunscreen' vitamin used in sunscreen preparations, as it has the ability to protect the skin against excessive ultra-violet light exposure.
It has been well established that PABA is a potent neutralizer of singlet molecular oxygen, a potent free radical, which is a common by-product of normal metabolism. In theory, use of antioxidants protects cellular membranes and mitochondrial DNA from free radical attack. The mitochondria are the energy-producers of the cells. Mitochondrial degradation results in reduced cellular energy production, which causes numerous undesirable physiological conditions, which may include fatigue and the aging process itself. As an antioxidant, PABA also provides protection against ozone, smoking, and other air pollutants, which damage other cell structures and membranes through oxidative stress. PABA promotes cell membrane fluidity by preventing such oxidant damage.
Supportive Research
1. Gibb, John "PABA Para-Amino Benzoic-Acid and Health." PABA Para-Amino Benzoic-Acid and Health. 5 Feb. 2007. EzineArticles.com. 19 Mar 20092. Miao-Lin H.; Yang-Kang C.; Ling-Chun C.; Sano M. Para-aminobenzoic acid scavenges reactive oxygen species and protects DNA against UV and free radical damage. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, Volume 6, Number 9, Sept. 1995, pp. 504-508(5)
The clinical studies and research cited is for information purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement of ONS Performance or its nutritional products.
CITRUS BIOFLAVONOIDS
Citrus bioflavonoids are found in citrus fruits and help protect capillaries, prevent bruising and intensify the effect of vitamin C in the body. In fact, bioflavonoids are essential for total vitamin C efficacy. Citrus bioflavonoids provide natural antiviral, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergy properties. In addition, bioflavonoids are beneficial for fighting infections, free radical damage, viruses and common colds.
Bioflavonoids have also been used to help alleviate symptoms related to allergies and respiratory conditions. They are found in several forms, including hesperidin, eriodictyl, quercetin and rutin and cannot be produced by the body, and must be taken as dietary supplements. Typical sources for Bioflavonoids include the natural substances found in the peels of citrus fruits, peppers and black currants. Other sources include apricots, cherries, grape fruit, grapes, lemons, oranges, prunes and rose hips.
Supportive Research
1. Lotito SB, Frei B. Consumption of flavonoid-rich foods and increased plasma antioxidant capacity in humans: cause, consequence, or epiphenomenon? Free Radic Biol Med . 2006;41:1727-46.2. Manthey JA, Grohmann K, Guthrie N. Biological properties of citrus flavonoids pertaining to cancer and inflammation. Curr Med Chem . 2001;8:135–153.
3. Ross SA, Ziska DS, Zhoa K, et al. Variance of common flavonoids by brand of grapefruit juice. Fitoterapia . 2000;71:154–161.
The clinical studies and research cited is for information purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement of ONS Performance or its nutritional products.
CHOLINE
Although choline is not by strict definition vitamins, it is recognized as water-soluble vitamin, and considered an essential nutrient. Choline is an integral component of phospholipids, some of the most important lipids in both plants and animals. Some of the most important functions of phospholipids is they are required for building cell membranes; aid the gallbladder and liver in processing fats and cholesterol, as well as help promote neuronal membrane fluidity which is important for communication between brain cells, memory and cognition.
Choline and the phospholipid phosphatidylcholine (PC) are typically high in foods containing relatively high amounts of fat and cholesterol such as beef liver, beef steak, and eggs. Plant-based foods follow the same generalization in that those containing relatively high levels of fat also contain relatively high levels of PC (peanuts, soybeans, and so on). Ironically, as people decrease intake of fats from animals, their intake of choline and PC will also decrease. Moreover, people involved in strenuous exercise can experience significant decreases in plasma choline concentration (up to 40 percent), and there appears to be an enhancement of performance with supplemental choline intake.
Phospholipids are antioxidants commonly used in food products to inhibit oxidation and as emulsifying agents. Phosphatidylcholine can bind minerals such as iron and copper that are considered prooxidant minerals, or those that facilitate oxidation of lipids. Phosphatidylcholine can also help degrade hydroperoxides, or partial breakdown products of lipids and is commonly used for this purpose. The nitrogen-containing phospholipids phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine (PI) are even more active than PC in protecting against oxidation of lipids.
Supportive Research
1. Blusztajn, J.K. Choline, a vital amine. Science. 1998; volume 281: pages 794-795.2. Zeisel, S.H. Choline and phosphatidylcholine. In Shils, M. Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1999: pages 513-523.
3. Berdanier, Carolyn D. Advanced Nutrition: Micronutrients. Boca Raton Fla.: CRC Press, 1998.
4. Berdanier, Carolyn D. "Tables of Clinical Significance." In Handbook of Nutrition and Food, edited by Carolyn D. Berdanier. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 2002.
5. Canty, David J. "Lecithin and Choline: New Roles for Old Nutrients." In Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, edited by Robert E. C. Wildman, pp. 423–443. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 2001.
6. Combs, Gerald F., Jr. The Vitamins. New York: Academic Press, 1992.
7. Lampi, Anna-Maija, Afaf Kamal-Eldin, and Vieno Piironen. "Tocopherols and Tocotrienols from Oil and Cereals & Grains." In Functional Foods: Biochemical and Processing Aspects, edited by J. Shi, G. Mazza, and M. Le Maguer. Functional Foods: Biochemical and Processing Aspects, vol. 2. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 2002.
8. Pappas, Andreas M. "Diet and Antioxidant Status." In Antioxidant Status, Diet, Nutrition, and Health, edited by Andreas M. Pappas, pp. 89-106. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 1999.
9. Pokorny, Jan, and Jozef Korczak. "Preparation of Natural Antioxidants." In Antioxidants in Food: Practical Applications, edited by Jan Pokorny, Nedyalka Yanishlieva, and Michael Gordon, pp. 311-330. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 2001.
10. Rudra, Parveen K., S. D. Sudheera, James W. Nair, James W. Leitch, and Manohar L. Garg. "Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Cardiac Arrhythmias." In Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, edited by Robert E. C. Wildman. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 2001.
11. Yanishlieva-Maslarova, Nedyalka V. "Inhibiting Oxidation." In Antioxidants in Foods: Practical Applications, edited by Jan Pokorny, Nedyalka Yanishlieva, and Michael Gordon. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 2001.
12. Zeisel, S.H. Choline: an essential nutrient for humans. Nutrition. 2000; volume 16: pages 669-671.
The clinical studies and research cited is for information purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement of ONS Performance or its nutritional products.
INOSITOL
Inositol is a vitamin that is utilized by the body for a variety of metabolic processes. A member of the b-complex family of vitamins, inositol is used by the body to form cell membranes, and it allows for the proper functioning of cells. As a dietary and exercise aide, inositol assists in the transmission of nerve signals, and helps to transport lipids within the body. This will help you contract your muscles more efficiently and will help you to use body fat as fuel for your workouts. Inositol is known to assist enzymatic activity, maintain healthy cholesterol levels, control estrogen levels, brain cells, the eyes and the intestines.
Additionally, inositol is a rich source of phylate compounds. These compounds serve as natural plant antioxidants that inhibit oxidative reactions initiated by iron, one of the major contributors to the proliferation of free radicals in the human body. Greatly decrease the damage caused by free radicals by stopping them from forming. Free radicals in your body can cause many harmful health problems and can cause you to age quicker. Anti-oxidants fight the free radicals in your body!
Supportive Research
1. Jenab M, Thompson LU. The influence of phytic acid in wheat bran on early biomarkers of colon carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis. 1998;19:1087-1092.2. Jariwalla RJ. Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) as an anti-neoplastic and lipid-lowering agent. Anticancer Res. 1999;19:3699-3702.
3. Singh RP, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Inositol hexaphosphate inhibits growth, and induces G1 arrest and apoptotic death of prostate carcinoma DU145 cells: modulation of CDKI-CDK-cyclin and pRb-related protein-E2F complexes. Carcinogenesis. 2003 ;24:555-563.
4. Singh RP, Sharma G, Mallikarjuna GU, Dhanalakshmi S, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. In vivo suppression of hormone-refractory prostate cancer growth by inositol hexaphosphate: induction of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 and inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor. Clin Cancer Res. 2004 ;10:244-250.
5. Somasundar P, Riggs DR, Jackson BJ, Cunningham C, Vona-Davis L, McFadden DW. Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6): A novel treatment for pancreatic cancer. J Surg Res. 2005;126:199-203.
6. Tantivejkul K, Vucenik I, Eiseman J, Shamsuddin AM. Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) enhances the anti-proliferative effects of adriamycin and tamoxifen in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2003;79:301-312.
7. Vucenik I, Shamsuddin AM. Cancer inhibition by inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) and inositol: From laboratory to clinic. J Nutr. 2003;133:3778S-3784S.
The clinical studies and research cited is for information purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement of ONS Performance or its nutritional products.
COENZYME Q-10
Coenzyme Q10 or CoQ10 belongs to a family of substances called ubiquinones. Ubiquinones, are lipophilic, water-insoluble substances involved in electron transport and energy production in mitochondria. Specifically, CoQ10 is used by the body to transform food into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which is the energy used to power the human body. Nearly, every cell of the human body contains CoQ10. It is concentrated in the mitochondria, the area of cells where energy is produced.
CoQ10 is a powerful antioxidant that protects the body from free radicals and helps preserve vitamin E, the major antioxidant of cell membranes and blood cholesterol. Coenzyme Q10 may also be indicated in cardiovascular disease, particularly in congestive heart failure. It may also be indicated to correct reduced blood levels of CoQ10. It also appears to be useful in managing of periodontal disease in some individuals. There is far less evidence to support claims that it has positive effects in cancer, muscular dystrophy and immune dysfunction.
Supportive Research
1. Thomas SR, Neuzil J, Stocker R. Inhibition of LDL oxidation by ubiquinol-10. A protective mechanism for coenzyme Q in atherogenesis? Mol Aspects Med 1997;18:S85-95.2. Weber C, Jakobsen TS, Mortensen SA, et al. Antioxidative effect of dietary coenzyme Q10 in human blood plasma. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1994;64:311-4.
The clinical studies and research cited is for information purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement of ONS Performance or its nutritional products.
ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID
Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA) is a potent antioxidant that promotes the body’s production of energy. It supports the conversion of carbohydrates, fat, and protein from food into fuel during the Krebs cycle, stimulating production of ATP (the body’s energy source). As an antioxidant, ALA is known to help neutralize the effects of free radicals on the body by enhancing the antioxidant functions of vitamin C, Vitamin E, and glutathione. This advanced 300mg extra strength formula uses the highest quality ALA. Additionally, once in the body, one of ALA's constituents supports the reactivation of vitamin C and Vitamin E from their oxidized forms. In a sense, this process "recycles" C and E for our additional use and benefit.
Supportive Research
1. Kagan VE, Shvedova A, Serbinova E, et al. Dihydrolipoic acid—a universal antioxidant both in the membrane and in the aqueous phase. Reduction of peroxyl, ascorbyl, and chromanoxyl radicals. Biochem Pharmacol . 1992;44:1637–1649.2. Matsugo S, Yan LJ, Han D, et al. Elucidation of antioxidant activity of alpha-lipoic acid toward hydroxyl radical. Biochem Biophys Res Commun . 1995;208:161–167.
3. Packer L, Witt EH, Tritschler HJ. Alpha-lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant. Free Radic Biol Med . 1995;19:227–250.
The clinical studies and research cited is for information purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement of ONS Performance or its nutritional products.
LYCOPENE
Lycopene is a prominent member of the carotenoid family of chemical compounds. Lycopene, similar to other carotenoids such as beta-carotene, is a natural fat-soluble pigment (red, in the case of lycopene) found in certain plants (like tomatoes) and microorganisms, where it serves as an accessory light-gathering pigment and protects these organisms against the toxic effects of oxygen and light. Research indicates that lycopene’s powerful antioxidant properties may also protect humans against certain disorders, such as prostate cancer and perhaps some forms of cancers, and coronary heart disease.
Supportive Research
1. Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, et al. Intake of carotenoids and retinol in relation to risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995;87:1767–1776.2. Weisburger JH. Evaluation of the evidence on the role of tomato products in disease prevention. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med . 1998;218:140–143.
3. Rao AV, Agarwal S. Bioavailability and in vivo antioxidant properties of lycopene from tomato products and their possible role in the prevention of cancer. Nutr Cancer . 1998;31:199–203.
4. Sies H, Stahl W. Lycopene: antioxidant and biological effects and its bioavailability in the human. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med . 1998;218:121–124.
5. Weisburger JH. Evaluation of the evidence on the role of tomato products in disease prevention. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med . 1998;218:140–143.
The clinical studies and research cited is for information purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement of ONS Performance or its nutritional products.
LUTEIN
Lutein is a member of the carotenoid family, which is best know for another one of its members, beta-carotene. Lutein is natural fat-soluble yellowish pigment found in a variety of plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria. This pigment functions as accessory light-gathering pigments and protects against the toxic effects of ultra-violet radiation and oxygen. Lutein is the primary carotenoid present in the central area of the retina called the macula.
Lutein is an antioxidant and may act as a filter to protect the macula from potentially damaging forms of ultraviolet light. Consequently, lutein is believed by many experts to assist in prevention against age-related macular degeneration (the leading cause of blindness in older adults).
Green vegetables are the best source of lutein, especially spinach, kale, collard greens, romaine lettuce, leeks, and peas. Unlike beta-carotene, lutein is not found in high concentrations in yellow and orange vegetables such as carrots.
Supportive Research
1. Bartlett HE, Eperjesi F. Effect of lutein and antioxidant dietary supplementation on contrast sensitivity in age-related macular disease: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007 Jan 31 [Epub ahead of print]2. Hankinson SE, Stampfer MJ, Seddon JM, et al. Nutrient intake and cataract extraction in women: a prospective study. Br Med J 1992;305(6849):335–9.
3. Seddon JM, Ajani UA, Sperduto RD, et al. Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. JAMA 1994;272:1413–20.
The clinical studies and research cited is for information purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement of ONS Performance or its nutritional products.
GRAPE SEED EXTRACT
Grape seed extract is one of the most potent antioxidants found in nature. Grape seed extract contains a special class of water-soluble bioflavonoids called proanthocyanidins. These compounds help fight free radicals, the loose oxygen particles that can damage cells. Studies have shown the antioxidant activity of these specific bioflavonoids is 20 to 50 times greater than Beta-Carotene or Vitamins C and E at scavenging specific free radicals.
The proanthocyanidins found in grape seed extract have also been shown to help promote the structural strength of blood vessels, help stabilize collagen, and maintain elastin. Collagen and elastin are two proteins found in connective tissue that support organs, joints, and muscles. By nourishing blood vessel walls and performing other renewing functions, grape seed extract helps promote healthy blood pressure levels, heart health, and a proper inflammation response.
Green vegetables are the best source of lutein, especially spinach, kale, collard greens, romaine lettuce, leeks, and peas. Unlike beta-carotene, lutein is not found in high concentrations in yellow and orange vegetables such as carrots.
Supportive Research
1. Busserolles J, Gueux E, Balasinska B, et al. In vivo antioxidant activity of procyanidin-rich extracts from grape seed and pine (Pinus maritima) bark in rats. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2006;76(1):22-7.2. Faria A, Calhau C, de Freitas V, et al. Procyanidins as antioxidants and tumor cell growth modulators. J Agric Food Chem. 2006;54(6):2392-7.
3. Fitzpatrick DF, Bing B, Maggi DA, et al. Vasodilating procyanidins derived from grape seeds. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002;957:78-89.
4. Hu H, Qin YM. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract induced mitochondria-associated apoptosis in human acute myeloid leukemia 14.3D10 cells. Chin Med J (Engl). 2006;119(5):417-21.
5. Joshi SS, Kuszynski CA, Bagchi D. The cellular and molecular basis of health benefits of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2001;2(2):187-200.
6. Kalin R, Righi A, Del Rosso A, et al., Activin, a grape seed-derived proanthocyanidin extract, reduces plasma levels of oxidative stress and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin) in systemic sclerosis. Free Radic Res. 2002;36(8):819-25.
7. Nuttall SL, Kendall MJ, Bombardelli E, et al. An evaluation of the antioxidant activity of a standardized grape seed extract, Leucoselect. J Clin Pharm Ther. 1998;23(5):385-389.
The clinical studies and research cited is for information purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement of ONS Performance or its nutritional products.
GENISTEIN (SOY ISOFLAVONE)
Genistein, a naturally occurring chemical present in soy, has attracted scientific interest for its possible benefits in cancer and heart disease prevention. Furthermore, studies have found that genistein may be helpful for preventing or treating osteoporosis and may additionally improve blood sugar control in people with pre-diabetes. As an antioxidant, genistein plays multiple roles. It boosts the body's production of super oxide dismutase (SOD), another powerful antioxidant. Genistein also functions a in a similar way to SOD, preventing cancer-causing mutations to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
Supportive Research
1. Atteritano M, Marini H, Minutoli L, et al. Effects of the phytoestrogen genistein on some predictors of cardiovascular risk in osteopenic, postmenopausal women: a 2-years randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 May 22.2. Marini H, Minutoli L, Polito F, et al. Effects of the phytoestrogen genistein on bone metabolism in osteopenic postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:839-847.
3. Morabito N, Crisafulli A, Vergara C, et al. Effects of genistein and hormone-replacement therapy on bone loss in early postmenopausal women: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Bone Miner Res. 2002;17:1904-1912.
4. Squadrito F, Altavilla D, Crisafulli A, et al. Effect of genistein on endothelial function in postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Am J Med. 2003;114:470-476.
5. Tham DT, Gardner CD, Haskell WL. Clinical review 97: Potential health benefits of dietary phytoestrogens: a review of the clinical, epidemiological, and mechanistic evidence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:2223-2235.
The clinical studies and research cited is for information purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement of ONS Performance or its nutritional products.
BILIBERRY (ANTHOCYANOSIDE)
The active constituents in bilberries are anthocyanosides, a flavonoid complex. Anthocyanosides are believed to assist in the regeneration of rhodopsin, the purple pigment used by the rods in the human eye for night vision. Anthocyanosides are also powerful antioxidants that support normal formation of connective tissue and strengthen capillaries in the body. Anthocyanosides may also improve capillary and venous blood flow.
Supportive Research
1. Brown DJ. Herbal Prescriptions for Health and Healing. Roseville, CA: Prima Health, 2000, 47–54.2. Salvayre R, Braquet P, Perruchot T, DousteBlazy L. Comparison of the scavenger effect of bilberry anthocyanosides with various flavonoids. Proceed Intl Bioflavonoids Symposium, Munich, 1981, 437–42.
The clinical studies and research cited is for information purposes only and does not constitute an endorsement of ONS Performance or its nutritional products.
RESEARCH
ONS Performance™ improves health and enhances athletic performance through innovative product design, research and education.
ONS Performance products are designed to safely support the energy requirements for sport and exercise, as well as, aid in optimizing recovery from training and competition. Below is a collection of journal and book references used in the development and design of Muscle Shield™.
From world class athletes to health conscious individuals, ONS Performance delivers.
Relative Research References Behind Muscle Shield's Development:
1. A, et al. (eds). Oxyradicals in Molecular Biology and Pathology. New York, NY: AR Liss, 1998.2. Arsenault J. Kennedy J. Dietary supplement use in US Army Special Operations candidates. Mil Med, 1999;164:495-501.
3. Bagchi D, et al. Free radicals and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract: importance in human health and disease prevention. Toxicology, 2000;48:187-197.
4. Colgan M. Antioxidants. Vancouver, BC: Apple Publishing, 1998.
5. Colgan M. Optimum Sports Nutrition. New York, NY: Advanced Research Press, 1993.
6. Constaninescu A, Tritschler H, Packer L. Lipoic acid protects against hemolysis of human erythrocytes induced by peroxyl radicals. Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1994;33:669-679.
7. Dwyer J. Old Wine in new bottles? The RDA and the RDI. Nutrition, 2000;16:488-492.
8. Folkers K, (ed). Biochemical and Clinical Aspects of Coenzyme Q, Vol Three. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1981.
9. Gohill K, et al. Effect of exercise training on tissue vitamin E and ubiquinone content. J Appl Physiol, 1987;63:1638-1641
10. Halliwell B. Free Radicals and antioxidants. Nutr Rev, `995;52:253-265.
11. Harmon D. Aging: A theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J Gerontol, 1956;11:298-300.
12. Harper AE. Official dietary allowances: those pesky RDAs. Nutrition Today, 1974;9:15-25.
13. Karlsson J. Heart and skeletal muscle ubiquinone or CoQ10 as a protective agent against radical formation in man. In Benzi R, Libby B (eds). Advances in Myochemistry, Eurotext Ltd, 1987;305-318.
14. Krumbach CJ, et al. A report of vitamin and mineral supplement use among university athletes in a division I institution. Int J Sport Nutr, 1999;9:416-425.
15. Ku HH, et al. Relationship between mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production and longevity of mammalian species. Free Rad Biol Med, 1993;15:621-627.
16. Lowschen E, et al. Superoxide radicals as precursors of mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide. FEBS Letters, 1974;42:68-72
17. Maughan RJ, et al. Delayed-onset muscle damage and lipid peroxidation in man after a downhill run. Muscle and Neerve, 1989;12:332-336.
18. Oakley GP. Eat right & take a multivitamin. New Engl J Med, 1998;338:1060-1061
19. Packer L, et al. (eds). Biochemical Aspects of Physical Exercise. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1985.
20. Packer L, Witt EH, Trirtschler HJ, Packer L. Alpha-lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant. Free Radic Biol Med, 1995;19:227-250.
21. Quintanilha A, In Miguel J, et al. (eds). Handbook of Free Radicals and antioxidants. Boca Raton, Fl: CRC Press, 1989.
22. Sies H, et al. Antioxidant functions of vitamins. In Sauberlich HE, Machlin LJ (eds). Beyond Deficiency. Ann NY Acad Sci, 1992;669:7-20.
23. Schroder H, et al. Nutrition antioxidant status and oxidative stress in professional basketball players: effects of a three compound antioxidative supplement. Int J Sports Med, 2000;21:146-150.
24. Shepaprd RJ, Shek PN. Immunological hazards from nutritional imbalance in athletes. Exerc Immunol Rev, 1998;4:22-48.
MUSCLE SHIELD™ COLLEGIATE COMPLIANCY.
In addition to our nutrition and safety efforts through World Anti-Doping Agency's (WADA) Banned Substance Control Group (BSCG) Certification, ONS Performance™ has developed a product line that meets unique nutritional guidelines set forth by the National College Athlete Association* (NCAA). Critical Reload™ is suitable for collegiate athletics and is permissible under NCAA Bylaw 16.5.2.2 for nutritional supplements.
ONS Performance™ was founded and developed by a Certified Sports Nutritionist and Collegiate Strength & Conditioning
Coach with one goal in mind: Provide safe, high-quality nutritional products for high school, collegiate, and
professional athletes to support the energy requirements for sport and exercise, as well as, aid in optimizing
recovery. Such commitment is not only embodied in the empirical sports nutrition research examined in the development
of our nutritional products, but in the contentious safety efforts we administer.
From world-class athletes to health conscious individuals, ONS Performance delivers.
*NCAA is a registered trademark of the National College Athlete Association.
